APA Style (7th ed.): Sample Citations

The elements of an APA citation, no matter the type of resource being cited, are:

Who is responsible for the creation of this work? (Author)

When was this work created? (Year)

What is this work called? (Title/Journal)

Where can I retrieve this work? (DOI or URL)

- Omit missing elements except for date, which should be replaced by (n.d).

Scott, G.L. (n.d.). The Canadian government has further softened access to information privileges. Vice. Retrieved from http://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/the-canadian-government-has-further-softened-access-to-information-privileges

(Scott, G.L., n.d.)

- For missing author, use title.

Autonomy. (2008). Key Concepts in Nursing. London, United Kingdom: Sage.

("Autonomy," 2008)

See the APA Style Blog for more information about how to cite materials created using AI, such as ChatGPT.

Changes to In-Text Citations and Reference List Entries:

1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.
   • Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
   • Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.
   • (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)
   • (Taylor et al., 2018)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference list.
   • Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., … Lee, L. H. (2018).
   • Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).
4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.
   • doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
   • https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author), and web page titles are italicized.
   • Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
   • Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included.
   • Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
   • (Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2

From Scribbr APA Manual 7th edition: Most notable changes. (2019) https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/